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dU = Mdt = δQ - dH; M > 0
Biology is “the study of those systems that can replace their internal energy” (See explanation of terms and variables).
pdt + mdt = dh + du = δq; m > 0
Ecology is “the study of the processes systems use to replace their internal energy” (See explanation of terms and variables).
The Gibbs-Duhem equation governs all biological energy:
m̅μ = m̅dS = dU + dH - Σi μi(dvi - dmi)
The Euler equation governs all biological activity:
μ = dS = (∂S/∂U)V,Ni dU + (∂S/∂V)U,Ni dV +
Σi (∂S/∂ui)U,V,{Nj≠i} dui + Σi (∂S/∂vi)U,V,{Nj≠i} dvi.
All biological populations are subject to the three constraints of:
(a) constant propagation, ;